The Effectiveness of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) as a Global Security Institution in the Resolution of the M/V Saiga Dispute (1997-1999)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23620922Kata Kunci:
ITLOS, institutional effectiveness, maritime disputes, M/V Saiga, Neoliberal InstitutionalismAbstrak
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) sebagai institusi keamanan dunia dalam menyelesaikan sengketa maritim, dengan studi kasus M/V Saiga (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea, 1997-1999). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus, didukung oleh data sekunder berupa dokumen hukum primer (UNCLOS 1982, putusan dan Advisory Opinion ITLOS) serta literatur akademik terkait. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan kerangka Neoliberal Institusionalisme Robert O. Keohane, dengan mengoperasionalkan efektivitas ITLOS melalui empat indikator, yaitu kemampuan menyelesaikan sengketa, mencegah eskalasi konflik, menegakkan hukum laut internasional, dan mendorong kepatuhan negara terhadap putusan tribunal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ITLOS berhasil menyelesaikan sengketa penahanan kapal M/V Saiga secara cepat melalui mekanisme prompt release berdasarkan Pasal 292 UNCLOS, memperjelas batas kewenangan negara pantai di zona ekonomi eksklusif, serta mendorong kepatuhan Guinea terhadap putusan tribunal. Temuan ini diperkuat oleh kasus pembanding sengketa batas maritim Bangladesh/Myanmar (2012), yang menunjukkan bahwa ITLOS mampu menyelesaikan berbagai jenis sengketa maritim secara damai. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ITLOS efektif berperan sebagai institusi keamanan dunia yang menjaga stabilitas maritim internasional melalui penyelesaian sengketa berbasis hukum, bukan kekuatan militer.
Kata kunci: ITLOS; efektivitas institusi; sengketa maritime; M/V Saiga; Neoliberal Institusionalisme
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Referensi
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