Moderating Religion for Global Security: Constructivist Insights
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15204925الكلمات المفتاحية:
Religious Moderation، Global Security، Constructivism، International Relations، Peacebuildingالملخص
Religious moderation is important in state behaviour and international relations in the globalized world, impacting peace promotion and global security. The moderation of religion greatly influences the determination of state identity, adherence to international norms, and enhancement of diplomatic relations through promoting peaceful coexistence. This paper deliberates on the role of religious moderation using case studies of Indonesia, Norway, and India, referencing constructivist theory. The two most prominent Islamic organizations in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, actively cooperate in reducing sectarian strife and enhancing pluralism, which benefits both internal peace and the nation's improved international standing. Conversely, despite being a non-religious nation, Norway employs religious moderation as a strategic form of soft power, evidenced by its mediation efforts in the Oslo Accords. This reinforces Norway's reputation as an impartial mediator in international crises. Meanwhile, India faces a rise in religious nationalism, mainly Hindu nationalism, which has worsened social polarization and made it more challenging to enact moderation in both foreign and domestic policy. Analyzing these cases highlights the challenges of religious extremism and nationalism while emphasizing the potential of religious moderation to support domestic stability, facilitate diplomacy, and contribute meaningfully to more considerable peacebuilding efforts. Ultimately, this research underscores the critical importance of states incorporating moderate religious principles to promote internal harmony and contribute positively to international diplomacy and peace initiatives.
التنزيلات
المراجع
Adamson, F. B. (2005). Global Liberalism Versus Political Islam: Competing Ideological Frameworks in International Politics1. International Studies Review, 7(4), 547–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2005.00532.x
Adler, E. (2013). Constructivism in International Relations: Sources, Contributions, and Debates.
In Handbook of International Relations (pp. 112–144). SAGE Publications Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446247587.n5
Alam, M. Shekaib. , & Abdelsalam, E. F. Abdullahi. (2023). An Analysis of the Socioeconomic and Political Status of Muslims in India. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i05.6243
Amelia, A. Z., & Kartini, E. (2023). Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019: The Politicization of Religious Identity in Contemporary India. Jurnal Politik, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.7454/jp.v2i2.1147
Baba, A. , S. E. , & A. M., Setiawan, E., & Arif M. (2023). The Role of R20 in Promoting Religious Moderation at the G20 Summit. . Journal of Global Affairs, 12(3), 77-89., 12(3), 77–89.
Basu, D. (2015). The Indian Constitution and religious pluralism. LexisNexis.
Bettiza, G. , & Dionigi, F. (2013). Norms and Institutional Change in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation: Institutionalizing the Dialogue of Civilizations. Review of International Studies, 39(4), 977–1001.
Bettiza, G., & Dionigi, F. (2015). How do religious norms diffuse? Institutional translation and international change in a post-secular world society. European Journal of International Relations, 21(3), 621–646. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066114542663
Bhargava, R. (2011). The promise of India's secular democracy. Oxford University Press.
Bush, R. (2009). Nahdlatul Ulama and the Struggle for Power within Islam and Politics in Indonesia.
ISEAS Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789812308795
Chatterji, A. (2016). The role of the National Commission for Minorities in India. Routledge. Checkel, J. T. (2005). International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and
Framework. International Organization, 59(04). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818305050289
Checkel, Jefferey. T. (1999). Norms, Institutions, and National Identity in Contemporary Europe.
International Organization, 53(3), 559–593.
Choudhary, V. K. (2021). The Idea of Religious Minorities and Social Cohesion in India's Constitution: Reflections on the Indian Experience. Religions, 12(11), 910. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12110910
Esposito, John. L., & Mogahed, D. (2007). Who speaks for Islam? What a billion Muslims really think.
Gallup Press.
Finnemore, M., & Sikkink, K. (1998). International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.
International Organization, 52(4), 887–917. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550789
Fox, James. (2002). Ethnoreligious conflict in the late twentieth century: A general theory. . Lexington Books.
Hadiz, V. R. (2016). Islamic Populism in Indonesia and the Middle East. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316402382
Hansen, E. 13(3), 112-130. (2021). Religious Discrimination and the Anti-Discrimination Act in Norway. Hansen, E. (2021). Religious Discrimination and the Anti-Discrimination Act in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Law and Justice, 13(3), 112-130., 13(3), 112–130.
Haryanto, S., Suyud, R., & Syam, E. (2023). The Role of Nahdlatul Ulama in Creating an R20 Forum as Indonesia's soft power in the world. Jurnal Scientica, 12, 968–976. http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php
Hasan, Z. (2020). Majoritarianism and the Future of India's Democracy. Social Scientist, , 48(1/2 (560-561)), 3–16. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26899496
Hasyim, S. (2023). Prospects and Weaknesses of the R20 Forum on Religion Launched at the G20 Summit
in Bali. 26.
Hveem, H. (2006). Norway's Role in International Peacebuilding: Religious Moderation as a Diplomatic Tool. . Journal of Peace Research, 43(2), 236–246.
Jaffrelot, C. (2021). Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy. Princeton and
Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Kumar, A. ,. (2013). The Challenge of Religious Diversity in India: Hindu-Muslim Relations in the 21st Century. . Journal of South Asian Studies, 36(2), 189–208.
Kydd, A. (2006). The Strategy of Terrorism: How It Works, and Why It Fails. Princeton University Press.
Lukianova, I. O. (2022). Peace Facilitation Policy as Key Element of Norway's International Positioning. International and Political Studies, 35, 55–63. https://doi.org/10.18524/2707- 5206.2022.35.259386
Malik, A. (2023). Educational Experiences and Aspiration of Muslim Women in India: Issue and Challenges. Journal of Social Inclusion Studies, 9(1), 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/23944811231173066
McBrien, R. (2000). Religion and International Affairs: The Role of Religious Leaders in Conflict
Resolution. Georgetown University Press.
Mendelsohn, B. , & Vokes, J. (2018). Counterterrorism and Religious Extremism: Balancing State Security and Religious Freedom. Global Security Journal, 24(1), 44–59.
Møller, B. (2006). Religion and Conflict in Africa with A Special with Focus on East Africa DIIS Report. www.diis.dk
Nair, P. (2014). Human rights and religious freedoms in India: The role of NHRC. Oxford University Press.
Nussbaum, M. (2007). Religious tolerance and pluralism in India. Harvard University Press. Nussbaum, M. (2009). The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future . Belknap
Press.
Pande, A. (2020). Making India Hindu: Religious Nationalism and the Indian State. Journal of
South Asian Studies, 43(1), 1-18., 43(1), 1–16.
Rosen, S. (2022). Bridging the Divides: Interreligious Diplomacy for Effective Peacebuilding.
CrossCurrents, 72(3), 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1353/cro.2022.0022
Shah, F. (2024). Constitutional Protection of Minorities in India: A Critical Study. International
Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 13(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.21275/SR231216235156
Sindhura, Dr. K. (2023). Civil Society in India Complimenting the Government Initiatives – An Overview. European Economic Letters (EEL), 13(5), 883–888. https://doi.org/10.52783/eel.v13i5.845
Tarannum, S. (2024). India's Muslim Exclusion: Need for an Inclusive Policy. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, 317–326. https://doi.org/10.48175/IJARSCT-17650
Twana, D. Kaur. (2022). Communal Violence in India and Legislative framework to Control Riots: A Chronological Study. Legal Research Development, 7(I), 30–31. https://doi.org/10.53724/lrd/v7n1.11
Van Dyke, V. (2021). Ideological and caste-based challenges to Sikh political and religious institutions: The Shiromani Akali Dal and SGPC's strategies of co-option and 'management' in a fragmented polity. Sikh Formations, 17(1–2), 122–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448727.2021.1873651
Varshney, A. (2013). Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. . Yale University Press.
Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics.
International Organization, 46(2), 391–425., 46(2), 391–425.
Wendt, A. (1999). Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612183
Yogesh, M. (2021). The Role of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in Protection of the Human Rights in India: (An Overview of Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 with the Latest Annual Report of NHRC). doi: 10.37591
التنزيلات
منشور
كيفية الاقتباس
إصدار
القسم
الرخصة
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Jisiera: The Journal of Islamic Studies and International Relations
هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright holder of all articles belongs to The Journal of Islamic Studies and International Relations. Under CC Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0, readers are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially).
