PENGARUH DINAMIKA INTERNAL - EKSTERNAL UNI EMIRAT ARAB DALAM PENGAMBILAN KEBIJAKAN NORMALISASI UNI EMIRAT ARAB - ISRAEL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8035819Keywords:
Abraham Accords, Israel-UAR Normalization, Internal-Eksternal SettingAbstract
This research analyzes how United Arab Emirates (UAE) internal and external settings affect the UAE's decision to normalize its diplomatic ties with Israel. Snyder, Bruck, and Sapin's foreign policy theory of internal-external setting is used to analyze this research. For the research methodology, qualitative methods are used, with most of the data coming from secondary sources. This research ascertains that several internal and external settings play a significant role in the normalization. For instance, two internal settings are affecting this policy. First, The UAE security threat comes from its position as a small country sandwiched between the two most considerable regional powers. Second, The shift in UAE's public opinion toward Israel's sovereignty. As for the External setting, three factors play a crucial role in this decision. First, the polarization in the middle east makes it easier for UAE to secure its safety by taking a side. Second, diplomatic normalization between Qatar and Iran is changing the dynamic in the middle east, bringing a potential threat to UEA. Third, Trump endeavors to get US allies in the Middle East closer to Israel by proposing Trump Peace Plan. Trump's Peace Plan provides a pretext for UAE to normalize its ties with Israel without seemingly putting Palestinian issues under the bus.
Downloads
References
Al-Alkim, H. H. (1989). The Foreign Policy of The United Arab Emirates. London: Saqi Books.
Al-Harathy, S. (2020, February 1). French Sources; UAE Sent 3.000 Tons of Military Support to Haftar. Retrieved May 22, 2022, from The Libya Observer: https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/french-sources-uae-sent-3000-tons-military-support-haftar.
Al-Mula, H., Contini, K., & Dackiw, B. (2020, October). International: Abraham Accords-UAE Boycott of Israel Repealed But No Change In US Anti-Boycott Laws. Retrieved May 18, 2022, from Global Compliance News: https://www.globalcompliancenews.com/2020/10/22/international-abraham-accords-uae-boycott-of-israel-repealed-but-no-change-in-us-anti-boycott-laws-28092020/
Arouzi, A. (2017, June 5). Iran Sees Opening In Saudi-Qatar Feud, Offers Food, Airspace To Qatar. Retrieved May 22, 2022, from NBC News: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/iran-seesopening-saudi-qatar-feud-offers-food-airspace-qatar-n768891https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/iran-seesopening-saudi-qatar-feud-offers-food-airspace-qatar-n768891
Badi, E. (2020, April 21). Russia Isn't The Only One Getting It's Hand Dirty On Libya. Retrieved May 22, 2022, from Foreign Policy Magazine: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/21/libyan-civil-war-france-uae-khalifa-haftar/.
Boghardt, L. P. (2013, April 1). The Muslim Brotherhood On Trian In The UAE. Retrieved May 22, 2022, from The Washington Institute For Near East Policy: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/muslim-brotherhood-trial-uae
Diwan, K. S. (2020, August 24). Political Debate Over Abraham Accords Reflect Range of Views On Normalization In The Gulf. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from The Arab Gulf State Institute in Washington: https://agsiw.org/public-debate-over-the-abraham-accords-reflects-range-of-views-on-normalization-in-the-gulf/
Emmons, A. (2018, August 1). Saudi Arabia Planned to Invade Qatar Last Summer. Rex Tillerson's Efforts to Stop it May Have Cost Him His Job. Retrieved May 23, 2022, from The Intercept: https://theintercept.com/2018/08/01/rex-tillerson-qatar-saudi-uae/
Ferziger, J. H., & Bahgat, G. (2020). Israel's Growing Ties With THe Gulf Arab States. Washington DC: Atlantic Council.
Gaub, F., & Lockman, Z. S. (2017). Defense Industries in Arab States; Players and Strategies. Paris: Challiot Paper.
Goldberg, J. (2018, April 13). Saudi Crown Prince: Iran's Supreme Leader Makes Hitler Look Good. Retrieved December 21, 2021, from The Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/04/mohammed-bin-salman-iran-israel/557036/
Guzansky, Y., & Marshall, Z. A. (2020). The Abraham Accord Immediate Significance and Long-Term Implications. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs , 2.
Hincks, J. (2020, September 18). Will Saudi Arabia Will Be Next to Normalize Relations With Israel? Don't Hold Your Breath, Expert Says. Retrieved December 25, 2021, from Time: https://time.com/5890151/saudi-arabia-israel-abraham-accords/
How The World Reacted to UAE, Israel Normalising Diplomatic Ties. (2020, August 15). Retrieved May 18, 2022, from Aljazeera: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/15/how-the-world-reacted-to-uae-israel-normalising-diplomatic-ties.
Israel No LOnger Allowed in Duubai After HAMAS Hit. (2010, March 14). Retrieved January 2, 2022, from HAARETZ: https://www.haaretz.com/1.5035067
Iyayi, I. O., Salihu, B., & Adigun, O. W. (2020). Iran-Qatar Relations And The Gulf Regional Crisis. Crawford Journal Of Business And Social Science Vol. X, No. 1 , 14-24.
Kirkpatrick, D. D. (2019, June 2). The Most Powerfull Arab Ruler Isn't M.B.S. It's M.B.Z. Retrieved March 15, 2022, from New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/02/world/middleeast/crown-prince-mohammed-bin-zayed.html
Krieg, A. (2019). Divided Gulf; The Anatomy of Crisis. Central Area Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
Libya's Haftar Provided With Israeli Military Aid Following UAE Mediated Meeting with Mossad Agents. (2017, July 24). Retrieved May 23, 2022, from The New Arab: Libya’s Haftar Proided With Israeli Military Aid Following UAE-mediated Meeting With Mossad Agents,” The New Arab, July 24, 2017, https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/libyas-haftar-provided-israeli-weaponry-following-uae-mediated-meetings.
McDaniel, M. (2014, October 27). United Arab Emirates (UAE) Landing And Overflight Permit Requirement. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from UNIVERSAL Weather and Aviation Inc. : https://www.universalweather.com/blog/united-arab-emirates-uae-landing-and-overflight-permit-requirements/ .
Mulki, H., & Gokhan, E. (2020). The UAE-IsraelNormalization; Political And Social Implication, Analysis. Ankara: ORSAM.
Naylor, H. (2016, March 2). In Jab At Iran, Gulf Arab States Declare Hezbollah A Terrorist Group. Retrieved May 22, 2022, from The Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/saudi-led-bloc-declares-iran-backed-hezbollah-terror-group/2016/03/02/7f660092-e06f-11e5-9c36-e1902f6b6571_story.html .
Peace to Prosperity Plan Framework. (2020, January 20). Retrieved March 14, 2022, from The White House Archive: https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/peacetoprosperity/political/ .
Qatar Maybe Supported Al-Qaeda In Syria, Says Former PM. (2017, October 17). Retrieved May 22, 2022, from Middle East Eye: https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/qatar-maybe-supported-al-qaeda-syria-says-former-pm .
Qatar To Reinstate Ambassador To Iran . (2017, August 24). Retrieved January 18, 2022, from The Peninsula : https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/24/08/2017/Qatar-to-reinstate-ambassador-to-Iran .
Roberts, D. B. (2018). The Gulf Monarchies’ Armed Forces at the Crossroads. Ifri. Paris: Ifri.
Sarkar, P. (2009, February 20). UAE Backdown On Barring Israel Athlete. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tennis-dubai-visa-sb/uae-backs-down-on-barring-israeli-athletes-idUSTRE51I6QH20090219 .
Shahrour, K. (2020). The Evolution of Emirati Foreign Policy (1971-2020); The Unexpected Rise of a Small State With Boundless Ambitions. Paris: Science Po.
Snyder, R. C., Bruck, H. W., & Sapin, B. (2002). Foreign Policy Decision Making; Revisited. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Thompson, W. (2017, October 28). UAE Refuses to Play Israeli National Anthem, Raise Star of Dvid Flag for Judo Champion. Retrieved May 18, 2022, from NewsWeek: https://www.newsweek.com/ue-refuses-play-israeli-national-anthem-raise-star-david-flag-judo-champion-694603
Ulrichsen, K. C. (2016). Israel and The Arab Gulf States; Drivers and Direction of Change. Houston: James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University.
Ulrichsen, K. C. (2020). The Regional Implications Of The Gulf Crisis. Journal Of The Arabian Studies; Arabia The Gulf And The Red Sea , 305-320.
Ulrichsen, K. C. (2017). The United Arab Emirates; Power, Politics, And Policy-Making. New York: Routledge.
Ward, A. (2020, August 13). Israel And UAE Just Struck A Historical Peace Deal. It's A Big Win For Trump. A Lot Of Details Remain To Be Worked Out, But This Is Still A Really Big Agreement. Retrieved May 18, 2022, from Vox: https://www.vox.com/2020/8/13/21366509/israel-uae-peace-deal-trump-palestine.
Worth, R. F. (2020, January 9). Mohammed Bin Zayed's Dark Vision Of The Middle East Future. Retrieved March 17, 2022, from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/09/magazine/united-arab-emirates-mohammed-bin-zayed.html .
Yossef, A. (2021). The Regional Impact of Abraham Accords. West Point: MWI Reports
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Jisiera: The Journal of Islamic Studies and International Relations
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright holder of all articles belongs to The Journal of Islamic Studies and International Relations. Under CC Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0, readers are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially).
